FIRST RECORD OF THE INVASIVE NORTH AMERICAN FLEA BEETLE, EPITRIX BREVIS (COLEOPTERA CHRYSOMELIDAE GALERUCINAE ALTICINI), IN EUROPE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the years, several species of the flea beetle genus Epitrix have been detected outside their native ranges, including in Europe. Some of these species have caused significant economic damage to crops upon their introduction. This study reports the first detection of the American flea beetle species Epitrix brevis Schwarz, 1878 outside its native range, in Italy. The species was identified using both morphological and molecular approaches, along with the plant on which it was found feeding. Native to Ontario, Canada and several U.S. states, E. brevis feeds on a variety of solanaceous plants, including economically important crops such as tomato, potato, and pepper. In Italy, E. brevis was observed feeding on Solanum nigrum, a wild species of the Solanaceae family. Although the area surrounding the detection site has not been fully surveyed, the species potential presence in nearby cultivated crops cannot be excluded. Further research and monitoring are crucial to determine the distribution and impact of E. brevis on cultivated Solanaceae in Italy and to prevent its spread across the country. Key Words: invasive Chrysomelidae, solanaceous crop insect pest, Solanum nigrum, leaf beetles
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".