One-Step Synthesis of Nitrogen/Sulfur Codoped Graphene/MnO<sub>2</sub> Film as a High-Performance Supercapacitor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Supercapacitors have attracted tremendous attention in recent years, but the simultaneous achievement of a high volumetric energy density as well as a simple and scalable synthesis process remains challenging. Herein, a one-step electrochemical exfoliation method is utilized to prepare flexible freestanding graphene films doped and functionalized with nitrogen, sulfur, phosphor, α-MnO 2, and δ-MnO 2 . A solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor is fabricated based on a MnO 2 functionalized graphene film as the positive electrode and a nitrogen- and phosphor-codoped graphene film as the negative electrode, with a wide operating potential window of 1.6 V. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor achieved volumetric energy and power densities of 17.4 mWh cm –3 and 4.8 W cm –3, respectively, and stable cycling, retaining 98.4% of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles. Our research reveals an approach that paves the way for a straightforward and scalable synthesis process, leading to the production of low-cost asymmetric solid-state supercapacitors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".