On Sourcing Stonehenge Sarsen Stone #58: A Response to Nash and Ciborowski's Comments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This is a brief response to Nash and Ciborowski's comments in 2025 on our 2024 paper, which focused on the reinterpretation of geochemical data for Stonehenge stone #58 published by Nash et al. in 2020. We address the problems they perceived in our use of absolute elemental concentrations, our selection of discriminating elements, and single‐sample comparisons and show the limited relevance of their arguments to our conclusions. We maintain that no definitive geochemical match for stone #58 can be argued based on the available data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.029 | 0.102 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.026 | 0.027 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".