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Record W4412596184 · doi:10.31389/jltc.346

Growing Older Together: A Brief Report Comparing the Long-Term Care Systems in Australia and Canada

2025· article· en· W4412596184 on OpenAlex
Anna Grosse, Kristina M. Kokorelias, Samir K. Sinha

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Long-Term Care · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicMigration, Aging, and Tourism Studies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsTerm (time)Long-term careGerontologyGeographyMedicineNursing

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Context: Australia and Canada are both currently working to improve their long-term care systems to, respectively, meet the growing needs of their ageing populations. Perspective: International long-term care system comparisons between similar countries can provide insights relevant to the development of long-term care policies and reforms that may improve the lives of older persons. From September 2022 to May 2023, we conducted an environmental scan of publicly available literature, comparing key elements of the long-term care systems in Australia and Canada. While both countries offer similar universal, publicly funded long-term care services, their organisational and governance structures differ significantly. Australia relies more heavily on residential care, whereas Canada has a stronger emphasis on in-home care services. Both countries face ongoing challenges related to the sustainability of their long-term care workforces and support for carers. Implications: The implications of this analysis suggest that both Australia and Canada can learn from each other’s best practices to enhance their long-term care systems. These insights have significant implications for long-term care practice, policy and future research, emphasising the need for sustainable workforce strategies, improved in-home care services and better support systems for carers.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.247
Threshold uncertainty score0.436

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.019
GPT teacher head0.308
Teacher spread0.290 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it