Unpacking bank lending behavior: Macroeconomic and financial drivers of credit standards in the Philippines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the determinants of credit standards among commercial banks in the Philippines, a critical aspect of financial stability and monetary policy transmission. Utilizing data from the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas' Senior Bank Loan Officers' Survey and macroeconomic indicators from 2009 to 2024, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted on 640 observations. The objective was to identify significant regressors of both overall and specific credit standards. Findings reveal that inflation rate and past-due ratio (PDR) lead to significant tightening of credit standards, with PDR exerting the greatest influence. Conversely, GDP growth rate, capital adequacy ratio (CAR), and return on equity (ROE) lead to significant easing. Collateral requirements and loan covenants were identified as the most regressed specific credit standards. This research offers valuable insights into bank lending behavior, providing policymakers with empirical evidence for managing credit supply, mitigating financial risks, and ensuring banking system stability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".