The Association Between Food Insecurity and Adverse Health Outcomes in Adults: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CONTEXT: An association of food insecurity (FI) with adverse health outcomes (AHOs) has been reported; however, the evidence in this context is still inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: The certainty and validity of all available meta-analyses were evaluated for the association between FI and AHOs among adults. DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive systematic search was done of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to August 20, 2024. DATA EXTRACTION: Two researchers independently extracted studies data. DATA ANALYSIS: Twenty-one meta-analyses were included in this study. Generally, there was a direct association between FI and 22 AHOs (73.3%) in adults, including the risk of being overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06-1.27); binge eating (OR = 1.99; 95% CI, 1.58-2.51); stress (OR = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.24-1.43); anemia (OR = 1.34 95% CI, 1.19-1.50); long sleep duration (OR = 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03-1.26); suicide attempt (OR = 2.23; 95% CI, 1.81-2.76); obesity (OR = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.24-1.63); diabetes (OR = 1.48; 95% CI, 1.32-1.65); hypertension (OR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.43); anxiety (OR = 1.61; 95% CI, 1.15-2.25); short sleep duration (OR = 1.14; 95% CI, 1.07-1.21); multimorbidity (OR = 2.17; 95% CI, 1.56-3.03); depression (OR = 2.26; 95% CI, 1.98-2.57); poor sleep quality (OR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.24-1.70); suicidal ideation (OR = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.48-1.83); having opportunistic infection (OR = 4.09; 95% CI, 2.47-6.78); low CD4 count (OR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.05-1.80); excessive gestational weight gain (OR = 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05-1.30); prepregnancy overweight (OR = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.12-1.54); prepregnancy obesity (OR = 1.58; 95% CI, 1.37-1.81); and inadequate gestational weight gain (OR = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.21-1.63). We found a significant reverse relation between FI and the risk of complete HIV viral suppression (OR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.61-0.82). CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated that prevention and management programs, which alleviate FI among adults, may also improve public health beyond promoting nutritional status. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration No. CRD42024582864.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.020 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.015 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".