SUP-Net: Slow-Time Upsampling Network for Aliasing Removal in Doppler Ultrasound
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Doppler ultrasound modalities, which include spectral Doppler and color flow imaging, are frequently used tools for flow diagnostics because of their real-time point-of-care applicability and high temporal resolution. When implemented using pulse-echo sensing and phase shift estimation principles, this modality's pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is known to influence the maximum detectable velocity. If the PRF is inevitably set below the Nyquist limit due to imaging requirements or hardware constraints, aliasing errors or spectral overlap may corrupt the estimated flow data. To solve this issue, we have devised a deep learning-based framework, powered by a custom slow-time upsampling network (SUP-Net) that leverages spatiotemporal characteristics to upsample the received ultrasound signals across pulse echoes acquired using high-frame-rate ultrasound (HiFRUS). Our framework infers high-PRF signals from signals acquired at low PRF, thereby improving Doppler ultrasound's flow estimation quality. SUP-Net was trained and evaluated on in vivo acquisitions from 22 participants and was applied recursively to resolve scenarios with excessive aliasing across a range of PRFs. We report the successful reconstruction of slow-time signals with frequency content that exceeds the Nyquist limit once and twice. By operating on the fundamental slow-time signals, our framework can resolve aliasing-related artifacts in several downstream modalities, including color Doppler and pulse wave Doppler.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".