Enhancing sustainability in concrete production: synergistic effects of sugarcane bagasse ash and limestone in ternary cement systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cement industry contributes notably to CO2 emissions, accounting for about 8% of the total emission. This study investigated the potential of utilizing limestone powder (LP) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) in ternary concrete systems and aims to examine the synergistic effects between limestone and SBA in concrete properties and evaluate the environmental and economic impacts of incorporating these locally available materials in concrete production. Mechanical properties improved with the combination of SBA and LP, with the optimal replacement level being 25%. The usage of SBA and LP as cement replacement in concrete contributes to the pore structure enhancement, which is attributed to the chemical reaction of SBA and the filler effect of LP, thereby enhancing the mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete. XRD analysis determined the formation of more hydration products than control mix in the presence of LP in concrete mix. The impact of incorporating SBA and LP beyond 25% on the concrete properties is minimal
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".