High‐Resolution AFM Visualization of Nanocellulose Surface Grafting with Small Molecules
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nanocelluloses are attractive for bio-based materials development due to their renewability, intrinsic properties, and ease of functionalization. However, characterization of nanocelluloses functionalized with small molecules at low grafting densities is challenging. Here, the use of high-resolution frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) to directly visualize the covalent grafting of small molecules is demonstrated for the first time. Using epichlorohydrin as a linker, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and tris(4-tert-butylphenyl)methanol are attached to the surface of bacterial nanocellulose. The presence of these groups is verified through spectroscopic measurements, and their covalent attachment is confirmed with FM-AFM. Furthermore, the retention of cyclodextrin host-guest activity after surface grafting is also demonstrated. This work represents a novel application of FM-AFM for the characterization of small molecule-grafted nanocelluloses, allowing for future development of advanced functionalization strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".