Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three models of a partially ionised fluid are considered by examining together three sets of (M)HD equations for the neutral, ionised, and electron components of a fluid. The first assumes low ionisation and isothermality leading to the one-fluid, isothermal model where all three non-ideal terms– resistance , the Hall effect , ambipolar diffusion –appear in the induction equation. New quantities introduced include: the ambipolar force density ; coupling , rate , and ambipolar coefficients ; and resistivity , all helping to determine the relative role of each non-ideal term. For resistive MHD , the Sweet–Parker model for magnetic reconnection , and dynamo theory are discussed. For the Hall effect, a two-fluid, isothermal model is introduced that refines the Sweet–Parker model to give a reconnection time scale in better keeping with observations of solar flares . Finally, the section on ambipolar diffusion derives the full two-fluid, non-isothermal model applicable for a fluid with arbitrary ionisation. Here, exchange terms are introduced to account for mass, momentum, and energy transfers when neutrals ionise or ions recombine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".