Geothermal Gradients in Selected Wells by Using Borehole Temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The temperature statistics from 48 oil and water boreholes are exploited to infer the geothermal inclination of Iraq. The recorded BHT of open hole logs is regularly lower than the accurate temperature. Consequently, the Horner scheme, was utilized in this study to correct BHT in which the reported temperature at a selected depth will be plotted versus rewarm time. The geothermal gradients (G.G.) vary noticeably horizontally (borehole to borehole) and vertically (depth). The inconsistencies in geothermal gradients throughout Iraq are a result of sediments’ thermal conductivity variation, heat generation, distribution and geometry of faults, and groundwater effects. In Northern Iraq, the maximum, minimum, and mean geothermal gradients (G.G.) are 29°C/km in Butma-2, 15°C/km in Ziwe-1, and 21°C/km, respectively. In Western Desert, the lowermost gradient within the layers above Paleozoic units is 12°C/km in KH-9/7 water borehole within Rutbah Subzone and the maximum is 31°C/km for Akkas-1 oil borehole in the north western portion in the region within Jezira Subzone. However, the maximum G.G. (61°C/km) in the Silurian Akkas is verified within 2100-2350 meters’ interval below the ground level. The average G.G. of 26°C/km in Western Iraq noticed in sections above the Paleozoic; however, G.G. value increases to 40°C/km in Paleozoic formations owing to presence of Akkas shale and rising heat from the basement unit. In Central Iraq, the average geothermal incline is about 20°C/km built on surrounding areas. In southern Iraq, the maximum G.G. (30°C/km) was reported in Nahr Umr-7 oil borehole in the Zubair Subzone. The lowest geothermal gradient (17°C/km) was detected in Luhays-12 oil borehole in the Zubair Subzone. The mean regional G.G. in southern Iraq is 22°C/km.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".