Genomic and virulence insights of Western European <i>Aeromonas salmonicida</i> subsp. <i>salmonicida</i> and development of <i>Galleria mellonella</i> infection assay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS: Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the etiological agent of furunculosis, a fish disease highly aggressive for salmonids and responsible for significant economic losses in aquaculture worldwide. This study aimed to explore genomic and antimicrobial resistance traits of Western European A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains and to develop an adapted infection model using larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella to assess the pathogenic potential of this psychrophilic subspecies. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains, isolated from salmonids displaying clinical signs of furunculosis, were tested against a panel of antibiotics and sequenced to characterize their genome. Virulence was evaluated in G. mellonella larvae using bacterial doses ranging from 101 to 106 CFU/larva. Two isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to antibiotics commonly used against furunculosis. Although closely related to the reference strain A449, genomic analyses revealed multiple plasmids known to encode antibiotic resistance genes. Virulence assays showed that this subspecies was lethal at doses as low as 101 CFU/larva, and that a fully functional Type III secretion system (T3SS) is not essential for the infection of G. mellonella, likely due to the presence of other virulence factors in T3SS-deficient strains. CONCLUSIONS: These findings enhance the genomic characterization of European A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and validate the use of G. mellonella larvae as a relevant alternative infection model for studying this psychrophilic subspecies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".