Long-term associations of sector-specific air pollution mixtures with mortality in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies often focus on individual air pollutants rather than their mixtures or specific sources. To assess associations between mixtures of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), and ozone (O 3 ) from various industrial and residential sources and mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and non-accidental causes. The 2006 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC) was linked to the Canadian Vital Statistics Database included 3,019,125 adults with 36,112,640 person-years of follow-up. Between 2006 and 2019, 56,190 IHD, 98,185 CVD, and 381,050 non-accidental deaths were identified. Annual concentrations of PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO 2 , and O 3 from upstream and downstream petroleum, non-ferrous smelting, the chemical industry, and residential fuel combustion were estimated by GEM-MACH model and assigned to participants’ residential postal codes. Quantile g-computation estimated hazard ratios (HRs) per quartile increase in pollutant mixtures. We observed significant associations of IHD, CVD, and non-accidental mortality with the mixtures of air pollutants emitted from upstream petroleum [HR: 1.18 (95 % CI: 1.12–1.24), 1.12 (1.08–1.16), and 1.05 (1.04–1.05)], downstream petroleum [1.06 (1.05–1.08), 1.04 (1.03–1.05), and 1.03 (1.02–1.03)], chemical industry [1.10 (1.08–1.13), 1.07 (1.06–1.09), and 1.10 (1.08–1.13)], and residential fuel combustion [1.18 (1.12–1.23), 1.12 (1.08–1.16), and 1.07 (1.05–1.09)]. PM 2.5 and SO 2 contributed most to increased mortality risks, while non-ferrous smelting emissions showed no association with CVD and non-accidental causes. PM 2.5 and SO 2 from certain sectors, but not all, greatly contribute to the increased risk of non-accidental, IHD, and CVD deaths. • Longitudinal study on sector-specific air pollution and mortality in Canada. • Cohort of 3,019,125 adults (48.3 % male) over 36,112,640 person-years. • Upstream/downstream petroleum emissions linked to higher CVD/IHD mortality. • Chemical industry emissions linked to higher CVD/IHD mortality. • PM 2.5 was the strongest contributor to elevated mortality risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".