Microcarrier-seeded muscle cells exhibit delayed differentiation in simulated microgravity compared to a terrestrial bioreactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study explores the feasibility of microcarrier-seeded muscle cell expansion and differentiation in simulated microgravity (µG) conditions, aiming to develop a proof-of-concept for producing cultivated meat in space. Gelatin microcarriers supported C2C12 expansion and myogenesis in static culture. The microcarriers were cultured in 1G (stirred bioreactor) and simulated µG bioreactors. µG slowed down the cell expansion, while the 1G condition showed a significant increase in cell expansion. Cells exhibited nuclear elongation and extended cell bodies over 7 days in both 1G and µG conditions. Flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed enhanced myogenesis in both 1G and µG, though differentiation was delayed and gene expression significantly lower under µG. These results suggest that while µG initiates differentiation, the process is primarily limited to early stages. Despite the slower myogenesis, it remains feasible, and future research should focus on culture conditions to enhance muscle cell functionality in µG.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".