Prominent sex difference in migratory locomotor activity in captive reed buntings is not reflected in concomitant variation of their leukocyte profile
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Migratory birds adopt different strategies to reach their destinations. In particular, males of many passerines arrive to the breeding grounds earlier than females (protandry). Each strategy involves specific behaviors and underlying physiological adjustments. To understand possible physiological consequences of protandry, we investigated leukocyte profile in captive migratory reed buntings, Emberiza schoeniclus (Linnaeus, 1758), a species with pronounced protandry in the wild. Since males exhibited increased locomotor activity and reduced energetic reserves then females in spring, we expected a higher heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and a lower total leukocyte counts in males. However, both sexes showed similar leukocyte profile parameters. Therefore, in captivity, sex differences in behavior and condition do not influence these indices of immune state or long-term physiological stress. This may reflect immune system adjustments for pathogen response in spring, regardless of energy expenditure. Alternatively, captivity conditions (unlimited food, no competition) may obscure natural variations. Compared to autumn, total leukocyte counts were lower in spring in both sexes. Additionally, contrary to most field observations, we found a negative correlation between body fat reserves and total leukocyte counts. Overall, our study enhances understanding of physiological mechanisms underlying migratory strategies in passerines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".