Multiple species toxicity of selected platinum group of elements: focusing on Hydra vulgaris gene expression responses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aquatic toxicity of the most abundant platinum group of elements (PGE) was investigated using a multispecies test battery, and more specifically in Hydra vulgaris at the morphological and gene expression levels. Bacteria (Aliivibrio fisheri), algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata), Daphnia magna and hydra were exposed to increasing concentrations of the following elements: iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh) and ruthenium (Ru). The data revealed that the hydra and algae were more sensitive than the daphnids and the marine bacteria. In hydra, no lethal toxicity based on irreversible morphological changes was observed, however sublethal effects were noticed (tentacle budding, budding) with an EC20 at 10 µg/L for Ir, and Pd, Pt and Ru, EC20s at 20 µg/L. Rh produced no significant sublethal morphological changes. All tested PGE produced significant gene expression changes in pathways involved in protein turnover and degradation (ubiquitin and autophagy). Pd influenced genes at threshold concentrations reaching to <0.3 µg/L for protein turnover and degradation, oxidative stress, DNA repair and regeneration of 8-oxoguanosine, as well as for stem factor pathways. Rh, which was not (sub)lethally toxic based on morphology, influenced DNA repair of oxidized DNA and protein turnover pathways. In conclusion, PGE has the potential to alter protein turnover and induce oxidative DNA damage at environmentally relevant concentrations for receiving waters near wastewater discharges in urban area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".