Research progress on the poisoning behavior of air electrodes and corresponding protection strategies for protonic ceramic cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As next-generation intermediate-temperature electrochemical energy conversion devices, protonic ceramic cells (PCCs) face significant challenges in durability and commercialization due to air electrode poisoning under complex operating conditions. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent progress in the study of the poisoning of the air electrodes, focusing on the individual and synergistic mechanisms of various contaminants, including Cr species, CO 2 , high-temperature steam, and sulfides. The review also discusses strategies for improving the poisoning tolerance of air electrodes, such as doping, developing composite and high-entropy materials, surface modification and structural optimization. In addition, it highlights the application of advanced characterization techniques for elucidating poisoning processes and investigates the structure–function relationships between poisoning mechanisms and material design. Future research directions are identified to guide ongoing development. Overall, this review offers theoretical insights and technical guidance to advance high-performance, long-life air electrodes for PCCs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".