Reduced brain volumes in children with radiologically isolated syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with reduced brain volumes at first episode compared to healthy controls. Objective: To assess brain volumes in children fulfilling the criteria of radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) at onset and over time. Methods: Clinical course, laboratory findings, MR-imaging in pediatric RIS were compared to controls from the NIH Pediatric MRI Data Repository and a cohort of patients with pediatric MS. Results: 20 RIS and 37 MS patients were included in the study. Median age at RIS diagnosis was 13.1 years (IQR: 10.3, 14.8) and whole brain volume was reduced by 77 cm 3 , compared to matched healthy controls (1673 cm 3 (1637, 1728) vs 1750 cm 3 (1699, 1802)). Nine RIS patients developed MS (RIS-to-MS) at a median age of 15.8 years (12.7,17.0). Longitudinal volumetry revealed lower brain volume in both non-converting and converting RIS patients compared to controls, similar to the trajectory in pediatric MS (RIS −4.7% (−6.5, −2.9), RIS-to-MS −5.1% (−6.9, −3.4), MS −6.6 % (−7.6, −5.5)). Oligoclonal bands, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, and reduced brain volume in RIS at diagnosis increased hazards of conversion to MS. Conclusions: Reduced whole brain volume is already present in pediatric radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS). Longitudinal analysis of RIS patients revealed reduced brain volume over time, similar to MS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".