The role of retinoids in memory reconsolidation and extinction following appetitive conditioning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of vitamin A, is an important signaling molecule during vertebrate synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. We have shown that it also plays a role in long-term memory formation following both operant and classical conditioning in the invertebrate, Lymnaea stagnalis. Following retrieval, recent long-term memories can undergo additional processing whereby they can be updated and re-stabilized during reconsolidation, or suppressed during extinction. Here, we examined whether retinoic acid is involved in post-retrieval memory processing by utilizing appetitive classical conditioning of Lymnaea. We show that exposure to retinoid signaling inhibitors differentially disrupts memory reconsolidation, depending on the need for protein synthesis and the extent of training received. We also show that memory extinction is inhibited in the presence of both retinoid inhibitors and protein synthesis inhibitors, regardless of the extent of training. These findings suggest that retinoids play a role in the continued processing of implicit memories following retrieval.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".