Monitoring soil degradation using Sentinel-2 imagery and statistical analysis of spectral indices in a semi-arid watershed of the Moroccan High Atlas
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The existence of serious water erosion problems in different parts of a watershed is often evidenced by the presence of high levels of suspended sediment in watercourses. The indirect assessment of erosion through the measurement of suspended sediments transported to catchment outlets serves as a robust indicator of the environmental impact of agricultural practices. The aim of this study is to propose a model for assessing the risk of soil degradation in the upstream Tassaoute watershed (in the Moroccan High Atlas). The methodology is based on the statistical analysis of spectral indices derived from Sentinel-2A satellite images acquired during the year 2021, including four vegetation indices and nine soil indices. These indices are aggregated to form a composite image (the independent variable), which is then subjected to regression analysis against the individual indices (the dependent variable) to determine correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is then used to condense the information from all the spectral indices, providing factorial coordinates and facilitating the identification of positive and negative correlations. The principal component captures soil-related information, while the secondary component focuses on vegetation characteristics. The final predictive model is developed by assigning weights to each index based on its coefficient of determination and the coordinates of the factors. This approach produces a quantitative map delineating four categories of soil potentially at risk of degradation. The results show that incorporating the spectral bands of Sentinel-2A’s C-MSI sensor into the calculation considerably improves accuracy and provides an accurate representation of ground reality.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it