Seismic Vulnerability Analysis Using Qualitative and Quantitative Methods and Structural Strengthening Proposal for Self-Built Dwellings in Latin American Informal Settlements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study aims to categorize the seismic vulnerability levels of self-built dwellings located in the informal settlement of Puyusca, in the district of Villa Mara del Triunfo, Lima, Peru.To achieve this, two qualitative evaluation methods were applied: the Benedetti-Petrini methodology and the FEMA P-154 rapid visual screening procedure.The Benedetti-Petrini approach assesses eleven weighted structural and geometric parameters, assigning vulnerability grades ranging from A to D. The cumulative score yields both a Vulnerability Index (Iv) and a standardized vulnerability index (Ivn), which enable the comparative classification of building stock.In parallel, the FEMA P-154 method utilizes a standardized data collection form that incorporates key seismic risk factors such as soil conditions, structural irregularities, and construction typology.This method computes a preliminary seismic score which, when contrasted with a defined threshold, determines the building's vulnerability level.A statistically representative sample of 120 dwellings was evaluated.Prior to the field campaign, the research team conducted informational sessions with local community leaders and stakeholders to secure consent for data collection.Field assessments were carried out in coordination with municipal authorities.Structural layouts and seismic vulnerability mapping were performed using AutoCAD.Subsequently, three typologically representative dwellings were selected for detailed numerical modeling in ETABS.The models incorporated the actual geometry, material properties, and load conditions to simulate seismic behavior.Interstory drift ratios were analyzed as primary indicators of seismic demand.A structural strengthening strategy involving welded wire mesh (WWM) retrofitting was proposed and numerically validated.The results indicated a significant increase in shear capacity (Vm) of the retrofitted masonry walls, with improvements ranging from 19% to 30%.Furthermore, the inelastic drift demands were substantially reduced, particularly at roof level of the first stories, with decreases of 8.30%, 13.51%, and 17.42%, respectively.These outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of WWM retrofitting in enhancing seismic performance in informal self-built housing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".