Influence of Recycled PET Particle Size on the Improvement of Sandy Subgrades for Flexible Pavements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study evaluates the influence of recycled PET particle size on enhancing sandy subgrades for flexible pavements.A soil classified as poorly graded sand with silt and gravel (SP-SM) was treated with crushed PET in proportions of 2%, 5%, and 7% to examine its impact on load-bearing capacity.Modified Proctor and CBR tests were conducted to analyze changes in the soil's mechanical properties, revealing that adding 5% PET increased the CBR Index to 15.2% at 95% MDS, an 83.1% improvement compared to natural soil.However, with a 7% PET addition, the CBR was 9.6% at 95% MDS and 15.8% at 100% MDS, showing a decrease in load-bearing capacity likely due to excessive particle interference within the soil matrix.These findings highlight that both PET dosage and particle size are critical for optimizing subgrade performance.This research provides an innovative and sustainable solution for reinforcing granular soils in pavement structures, supporting the reuse of plastic materials in civil engineering applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".