Health Risk Assessment of Some Toxic Metals for Skin Whitening Creams in Iraqi Markets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
White skin has long been considered the standard of beauty; however, women who use skin-whitening creams may be unaware that these products contain toxic metals, posing significant health risks to consumers. Therefore, this research aimed to detect the concentration of some toxic metals in thirty whitening creams by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and to evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for all tested samples. The results showed that the average concentrations for all samples were in the order Cd < Co < Cr < Ni < Hg < Pb. All samples exhibited elevated concentrations of Hg, reaching levels up to ten times higher than the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and three times according to the Europe Union (Eu), and Canada. Non−carcinogenic risk results for the current study showed that the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), for all samples were <1. While, carcinogenic risks for Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb were within the permissible limits, which indicates no harmful health effects, and consumers are safer using the product, but daily exposure can lead to accumulation that may cause cancer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".