Risk Factors in the Formation of Congenital Malformations of the Ear: Microtia and Atresia of the External Auditory Canal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The main study aims are to determine the incidence of congenital ear abnormalities in children in Kazakhstan and their risk factors. This research examined the medical treatment given to children with congenital malformations and the medical and social aspects impacting them and their parents. It also evaluated congenital ear deformity children's quality of life. Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in two public health maternity hospitals in Kazakhstan and aimed to investigate 975 consecutive children delivered therein. The study utilized hospital records to assess various factors related to neonatal health and outcomes in the sampled population. Results: The study revealed significant associations between congenital ear malformation and various factors: parental consanguinity (P = 0.001), maternal alcohol consumption (P = 0.020), cesarean section (P = 0.000), stillbirth/prenatal mortality (P = 0.005), and maternal medication use (P = 0.002). Surgical interventions comprised 68% of treatments, with non-surgical methods covering all cases, emphasizing a comprehensive approach. Maternal alcohol consumption (P = 0.005) and drug use (P = 0.002) showed notable associations with congenital malformations. Cesarean section (P = 0.048) and lower gestational age (P = 0.001) were linked to prenatal complications. Maternal behaviors like smoking (P = 0.010) and vitamin intake (P = 0.009) also impacted neonatal health. Conclusions: These findings stress the importance of targeted interventions to mitigate risks in at-risk populations. Congenital ear malformations, influenced by genetics and environment, require targeted interventions. Surgical and non-surgical treatments address physical challenges, emphasizing holistic care for improved quality of life and well-being.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".