Anellovirus constraint from 2 to 6 months postpartum followed by betatorquevirus and gammatorquevirus dominance in serum and milk
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Anelloviruses are ubiquitous, diverse viruses in the human virome not causing disease. In adults, the anellovirus composition (anellome) is dominated by alphatorqueviruses. However, infants seem to acquire their first anellovirus infections beginning with beta - and gammatorquevirus, soon followed by alphatorquevirus. Transmission via human milk is suggested as a potential transmission route. Consequently, we hypothesize that milk may contain predominantly beta- and gammatorqueviruses. That would also imply that compartmentalization between milk and serum takes place as the anellome in adults is dominated by alphatorqueviruses. We therefore examined anellovirus distribution in paired serum and milk samples of lactating mothers in the first 15 months after delivery ( n = 30). Unexpectedly, genus-specific qPCRs revealed that the majority of serum and milk were negative for anelloviruses 2–6 months postpartum (4 serum and 1 milk positives out of 13), whereas positive from 6 months postpartum onwards (11 serum and 8 milk positives out of 16). Importantly, a dominance of beta- and gammatorquevirus in both serum and milk from 6 months postpartum was found. We also found significantly higher anellovirus loads in serum compared to milk, with no obvious difference in anellovirus genera presence between compartments. Anellovirus variant analysis using Oxford Nanopore sequencing revealed that 31 out of 45 variants were shared with the corresponding serum of the mother. We conclude that anellovirus compartmentalization between the circulation and the mammary glands could not be detected. IMPORTANCE Anelloviruses are omnipresent in the human population, yet their transmission routes, especially in early life, remain unclear. This study focused on compartmentalization between blood and the mammary gland to investigate the likelihood of virus transmission via milk. We show that serum and milk samples generally share anellovirus genera and lineages. Interestingly, serum as well as milk samples collected between 2 and 6 months postpartum tested mainly negative for anelloviruses, but those received thereafter were dominated by beta- and gammatorquevirus, reflecting the initial anellovirus colonizers observed in children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".