Assessment of the Impact of Cadmium on the Redox Status and Metabolic Profile of the Sea Urchin <em>Paracentrotus lividus</em>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most harmful heavy metals to aquatic organisms and a widespread pollutant in marine biota. Because of its high bioavailability, persistence, and ability to bioaccumulate, cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal discharged by mining runoff, industrial discharge, and agricultural inputs, is one of the most detrimental pollutants to aquatic organisms and a common pollutant in marine biota. The current study assessed the potentially toxic effects of cadmium on oxidative stress biomarkers and metabolite profiles in Paracentrotuslividus gonads exposed to a range of concentrations (0.0183, 0.183, and 1.83 mg/L) over 96 h. The results showed that Cd induced oxidative stress by increasing malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and lipid hydroperoxide levels compared to the control group, as well as increasing antioxidant activities (reduced glutathione and catalase). In addition, based on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, 74 metabolites were identified in the gonadal extracts of both treated sea urchins and the control. The Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis revealed a clear class separation and discriminated nine relevant metabolites through the VIP scores. The performed heatmap analysis highlighted disturbance in the levels of sterols and fatty acid compounds such as Cholest-5-en-3-ol(3.beta.)-, Desmosterol, and (23S)-ethylcholest-5-en-3.beta.-ol and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as well as the antioxidant defenses such as retinoic acid, and steroid regulation such as Pregna-5-en-20-one, 3-hydroxy-,(3β). Overall, our data revealed the high sensitivity of gonads to Cd, even at relatively low concentrations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".