Nucleic acids delivered by cationic phytoglycogen nanoparticles protect RTG-2 cells against VHSV-IVa infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• New 0.88 DS NDx nanoparticles are safe and effective nucleic acid carriers. • Prophylactic HMW poly I:C NDx treatment significantly reduced VHSV-IVa viral load. • CpG-ODN 2216-NDx formed stable complexes and informed future combination strategies. • Study advances nanoparticle-based immune stimulants for aquaculture disease prevention. The innate immune system defends against infection by recognizing conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This study investigates the prophylactic use of synthetic PAMP analogues to stimulate innate antiviral responses in rainbow trout cells. Two commercial analogues were tested: high molecular weight polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (HMW poly I:C), mimicking viral double-stranded RNA, and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs), based on unmethylated bacterial DNA. These nucleic acids were tested either singly or combined whether they could enhance innate immune responses in rainbow trout cells. Previous research showed that complexing HMW poly I:C with cationic phytoglycogen nanoparticles (Nanodendrix, NDx) enhanced antiviral protection. Here, we explored whether co-delivery of HMW poly I:C and CpG-ODN 2216, both complexed to a newly developed NDx formulation with a higher degree of substitution (DS 0.88), could further improve protection against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV-IVa). We characterized the new NDx formulation in terms of size and surface potential, and assessed its cytotoxicity, immunostimulatory capacity, and antiviral efficacy using rainbow trout gonadal (RTG-2) cells. None of the formulations were cytotoxic. HMW poly I:C, whether alone or complexed with NDx, significantly upregulated the antiviral gene Mx1. Notably, only NDx-complexed HMW poly I:C provided significant prophylactic protection against VHSV-IVa, as measured by viral titer reduction. The addition of CpG-ODN 2216, even when complexed to NDx, did not enhance this protective effect. These findings demonstrate that HMW poly I:C complexed with 0.88 DS NDx effectively stimulates antiviral responses and reduces viral burden in vitro. This work provides foundational insight into nanoparticle-mediated innate immune activation in fish, supporting the development of nanomedicine approaches to protect aquaculture species from viral diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".