Nucleic acids delivered by cationic phytoglycogen nanoparticles protect RTG-2 cells against VHSV-IVa infection
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• New 0.88 DS NDx nanoparticles are safe and effective nucleic acid carriers. • Prophylactic HMW poly I:C NDx treatment significantly reduced VHSV-IVa viral load. • CpG-ODN 2216-NDx formed stable complexes and informed future combination strategies. • Study advances nanoparticle-based immune stimulants for aquaculture disease prevention. The innate immune system defends against infection by recognizing conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This study investigates the prophylactic use of synthetic PAMP analogues to stimulate innate antiviral responses in rainbow trout cells. Two commercial analogues were tested: high molecular weight polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (HMW poly I:C), mimicking viral double-stranded RNA, and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs), based on unmethylated bacterial DNA. These nucleic acids were tested either singly or combined whether they could enhance innate immune responses in rainbow trout cells. Previous research showed that complexing HMW poly I:C with cationic phytoglycogen nanoparticles (Nanodendrix, NDx) enhanced antiviral protection. Here, we explored whether co-delivery of HMW poly I:C and CpG-ODN 2216, both complexed to a newly developed NDx formulation with a higher degree of substitution (DS 0.88), could further improve protection against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV-IVa). We characterized the new NDx formulation in terms of size and surface potential, and assessed its cytotoxicity, immunostimulatory capacity, and antiviral efficacy using rainbow trout gonadal (RTG-2) cells. None of the formulations were cytotoxic. HMW poly I:C, whether alone or complexed with NDx, significantly upregulated the antiviral gene Mx1. Notably, only NDx-complexed HMW poly I:C provided significant prophylactic protection against VHSV-IVa, as measured by viral titer reduction. The addition of CpG-ODN 2216, even when complexed to NDx, did not enhance this protective effect. These findings demonstrate that HMW poly I:C complexed with 0.88 DS NDx effectively stimulates antiviral responses and reduces viral burden in vitro. This work provides foundational insight into nanoparticle-mediated innate immune activation in fish, supporting the development of nanomedicine approaches to protect aquaculture species from viral diseases.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it