Testing an insect-plant circular system based on black soldier fly and duckweed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Optimizing the circularity of insect farming by reusing and repurposing its byproducts is a priority to reach global sustainable goals that benefit both nature and people. The frass of the black soldier fly (BSF) has been used as fertilizer for various crops, but its potential in promoting the growth of aquatic plants with high-protein content has not been investigated. Here, we assess the potential of using BSF frass to produce duckweed ( Lemna minor , a fast-growing aquatic plant), and then use duckweed as a nutritional supplement for BSF larvae. First, we performed a set of laboratory experiments assessing duckweed growth under different concentrations of frass (with and without the presence of algae). Then, we quantified various life history traits (survival rate, larval growth rate, adult body mass and life span) of BSF across different treatments with increasing levels of duckweed supplementation (fresh and dry) in the standard BSF diet (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). We found that the optimal concentration of frass that provided the fastest duckweed growth rates was between 4 and 6 g/L, exceeding that recorded for the traditional Hoagland’s E media. BSF larvae growing in a diet supplemented by fresh and especially dry duckweed did not improve growth rate, survival rate, body size, nor lifespan. Higher duckweed contents tended to reduce the performance of BSF. Our results suggest that BSF frass could be used as a cheap fertilizer to produce duckweed, but the latter is not an optimal supplement for BSF, and thus should be used for other applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".