Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance of ESBL- and Carbapenemase-Producing Uropathogenic E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Community-Acquired UTIs in Baghdad, Iraq
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common community-acquired infections caused by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.This study examined the patterns of antimicrobial resistance and the genetic factors responsible for extended-spectrum lactamase production in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates collected from UTI patients.This study analyzed 42 E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from female UTI patients in Baghdad.Phenotypic and genotypic methods assessed antibiotic resistance, plasmid types, clonal relationships, and horizontal gene transfer using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), multilocus sequence typing, Etest, disk diffusion, conjugation, electroporation, and sequencing techniques.The results revealed high resistance rates to multiple antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin (92.31%), gentamicin (76.92%), amoxicillinclavulanic acid (92.31%), ceftazidime (87.18%), and cefotaxime (76.92%).Imipenem showed the highest sensitivity (76.92%).Molecular analysis identified blaCTX-M-15 in K. pneumoniae ST15 and E. coli ST131 clones, while blaKPC-2 was detected in carbapenemresistant E. coli.Plasmid profiling revealed IncF-type plasmids as key vectors for resistance gene dissemination.The fingerprinting techniques confirmed clonal transmission, with identical isolates detected across hospitals, suggesting nosocomial spread.Notably, a patient persistently colonized with KPC-2-producing E. coli acted as a potential reservoir.The research findings underscore that the clonal spread of ST131 and KPC-2 carriage represents significant nosocomial threats, warranting urgent containment measures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".