A Description of Scapular Biomechanics in the Windmill Softball Pitch in Early High School Pitchers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The scapula facilitates the windmill pitching motion, providing a stable base for the shoulder muscles to accelerate the humerus. Given the repetitive range of motion facilitated by the shoulder musculature about the scapula, shoulder overuse injuries are a significant concern in softball pitchers. Therefore, we aimed to provide normative values of scapular kinematics during the windmill pitching motion in high school-aged softball pitchers. Kinematic data from 17 high school-aged softball pitchers (15±1 y; 1.7±0.1 m; 72.3±15.0 kg) throwing fastball pitches at regulation distance 13.1 m (43 ft) were obtained using an electromagnetic tracking system synced with motion analysis. Scapular kinematics throughout the windmill pitching motion indicated that the scapula maintains an anteriorly tilted and internally rotated (protracted) position while moving within 5 and 22° in each plane, respectively. Additionally, on average, the scapula remained upwardly rotated throughout the start and top of the pitch, through foot contact, but moved into downward rotation at ball release. Description of scapular biomechanics during the windmill softball pitch is an area that has not been extensively researched. Our data reinforce the significance of the scapula as a dynamic stabilizer of the shoulder and its critical role in the kinematics and kinetics of the fastpitch softball windmill pitch.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".