Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that the technology of building with straw bales was invented in the 2nd half of the 19th century in Nebraska (USA). In the 1970s, this method of construction experienced a revival, followed by the export of related knowledge from the USA. However, there are sources of information on the basis of which this linear view of the invention’s history can be challenged and a more complex narrative could be suggested. The aim of this paper was to test the hypothesis that the history of straw bale construction as an invention is multifaceted and that the development of this building technology may have occurred independently in multiple regions around the world. The research carried out included a critical analysis of the literature on the subject and source documents (including patents), as well as correspondence and interviews, all focused on identifying the earliest uses of straw bales in construction across different countries. Based on the analysis of the collected documents and testimonies, it was confirmed that the history of the invention of straw bale building technology should not be viewed as a linear process with a single point of origin. Instead, it reflects a series of parallel inventions from various locations – some documented through patent applications, and others emerging through trial and error on building sites. According to the documents, it should be considered that the invention of straw bale construction may have originated in Indiana, rather than Nebraska, as this state was the place of residence of the first patent holder. The method of using straw bales as infill within a purpose-built wooden frame was independently developed in France. The period of waning interest in straw bale construction took place between 1940 and 1970, although individual straw bale buildings were still being constructed then in the USA, Canada and Europe. In the 1970s and 1980s, the export of know-how from the USA was not the only direction of the flow of information; for instance, the transfer of expertise from Canada to France has also been confirmed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".