Protection and Charity: Refugeehood and Homelessness in North America in Historical Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In the late nineteenth century, there were so many people without permanent homes moving about the United States in search of refuge that they were sometimes described as the ‘wandering poor’. Today, many activist groups see the work around homelessness and refugeehood as conjoined. Yet the forms of charity and protection that have evolved to assist the unhoused are markedly different from forms of protection that have also emerged to address the movement of refugees and displaced persons across international borders. This chapter considers the historical interplay between homelessness and refugee protection in North America to investigate the contingencies and conceptual outlooks that shaped understandings of causality and care vis-à-vis people marked by different forms of transience and displacement. It considers the history of refuge in Canada and in the city of Montreal/Mooniyaang/Tiohtià:ke in particular, as a way of exploring the structural differences that inhibit aspirational notions of solidarity, inclusion, and participation for all.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".