The Complex Roles of Plant Hormones During Clubroot Disease Development in the Brassicaceae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Clubroot, caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae , is a serious soilborne disease that threatens many commercially valuable crops in the Brassicaceae family, including the oilseed crop canola ( Brassica napus ) and various vegetables. Evidence from studies analyzing hormonal profiles, transcriptomes, proteomes, mutants defective in hormone functions, and treatments of infected plants with growth regulators suggest that nearly all plant hormones are involved in or affected by the disease. However, the specific roles of individual hormones in clubroot development or resistance remain unclear. This knowledge gap is compounded by the complex regulation of hormone functions and inconsistencies across studies, likely due to variations caused by host–pathogen combinations and other factors such as environmental influences. Additionally, biotic and abiotic stress responses caused by the disease and, in some instances, pathogen proteins manipulating host hormonal metabolism add additional layers of complexity. Despite these challenges, emerging trends suggest regulatory roles for plant hormones in both disease development and host defense. In this review, we explore these patterns, aiming to elucidate the contributions of different hormones to clubroot development and associated stress responses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".