Uncovering Spatially Resolved 6PPDQ Metabolism in Rainbow Trout Fry with Nano-DESI Mass Spectrometry Imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
N -(1,3-dimethylbutyl)- N ′ -phenyl- p -phenylenediamine quinone (6PPDQ) is an emerging tire-derived contaminant that poses a critical environmental risk to select salmonids. However, the mechanisms of 6PPDQ toxicity are currently unresolved. While species-specific metabolomic effects of 6PPDQ exposure have been explored, to our knowledge no studies have investigated the in situ spatial distribution of 6PPDQ and 6PPDQ biotransformation products in salmonids. Herein, we employ nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to visualize 6PPDQ metabolism in 6-week posthatch rainbow trout fry exposed to 0.61 μg/L of 6PPDQ for 96 h. These data provide the first spatial mapping of 6PPDQ metabolism in fishes. 6PPDQ was not observed in any fish tissues; however, primary 6PPDQ biotransformation products, hydroxylated 6PPDQ and dihydroxylated 6PPDQ, were found to localize in the liver and gut of exposed fry. Additionally, interrogation of nontargeted nano-DESI spatial metabolomics revealed an accumulation of free fatty acids in the central nervous system of exposed fry. Overall, this study uncovers the spatially resolved 6PPDQ metabolism in exposed fishes and explores the disparate localization of endogenous metabolites disrupted by 6PPDQ exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".