An Ab Initio Study of Aqueous Copper(I) Speciation in the Presence of Chloride
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The determination of multiple energy minima on complex potential energy surfaces is challenging. A systematic desymmetrization procedure was employed to find stationary points on the copper(I) + chloride + water potential energy surface using HF, MP2, and B3LYP methods in conjunction with the 6-31G*, 6-31+G*, and 6-311+G* basis sets. Comparison with experimental results demonstrated that the speciation of copper(I) in the presence of chloride and water may be formulated as [CuCl(H2O)]0, [CuCl2]−, and [CuCl3]2−. Our results indicate that the combination of the MP2 method along with basis sets containing diffuse functions gives excellent agreement with experimental Cu-Cl distances and vibrational frequencies. Poorer results were obtained at the HF levels and/or using the 6-31G* basis set.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".