Evolving Representations of Chinese Laborers in Mahua Literature (1930s–1940s): The Case of “Shisheng”, a Supplement to Nanyang Siang Pau
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper focuses primarily on the Chinese laborer-themed short stories published in the “Shisheng”, a supplement of Nanyang Siang Pau, to examine the representation and transformation of Chinese laborers in Mahua literature during the 1930s and 1940s. The portrayal of Chinese laborers in “Shisheng” went through two phases. The earlier era primarily depicted the deplorable conditions of Chinese laborers and the wealth gap after the outbreak of the Chinese resistance against Japan in 1937. It demonstrated a pronounced socialist consciousness by criticizing societal injustices and articulating aspirations for social reform. In contrast, the next phase redefined the image of Chinese coolies as patriotic vanguards by emphasizing their generous donations and enthusiastic participation in the boycott of Japanese goods. This resulted in a patriotic portrayal of Chinese laborers imbued with a strong “national salvation” ethos. The portrayal and evolution of Chinese laborers in “Shisheng” encapsulate the ideological shifts within the Mahua literary scene of the 1930s and 1940s, reflecting the profound influence that leftist and anti-Japanese national salvation literature had on Mahua society.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.022 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".