Residual Infantile Feeding History and Speech Outcomes in Preschool-Age Children: A Balkan Cross-Sectional Study on Parent-Led Weaning Implications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between residual infantile feeding history and subsequent speech sound disorders (SSD) in preschool-aged children within the Balkan region. It specifically investigates how traditional parent-led weaning practices influence the type and placement of SSD manifestations through their impact on early oromotor development. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 72 children, aged 3 to 6 years, diagnosed with moderate to severe SSD across two clinical centers in Kosovo and North Macedonia. Standardized articulation assessments and caregiver-completed developmental questionnaires were utilized to evaluate speech outcomes and feeding patterns. Key findings revealed significant associations: prolonged non-nutritive sucking (NNS) was strongly linked to anterior speech sound disorders and distortion errors; delayed progression to textured foods was correlated with middle/palatal SSD patterns; and oral sensory dysfunction was notably associated with substitution errors. The study underscores the clinical importance of early feeding interventions and individualized therapy approaches. Targeted strategies such as lingual strengthening for omissions and sensory-motor techniques for substitutions are recommended. These findings contribute to clinical practice and highlight the need for increased awareness and prevention of non-normative feeding patterns in the Balkan pediatric population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".