Rainfall-induced changes in vertical O3 and SO2 within and above a boreal-temperate forest
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of rainfall on the vertical distribution of ozone (O 3 ) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) in a boreal-temperate forest, using multi-year observations (2009-2013) from a 42-m tower. Based on 194 persistent rainfall events, we compare the vertical O 3 and SO 2 concentrations between rain and non-rain conditions at the same height, hour, and month to minimize biases introduced by the background variations in time and space. In contrast to the observed O 3 increases during rainfall over tropical forests, O 3 during rainfall predominantly declines 2-6 ppb (10-20 %) from the surface throughout the canopy and above, except at lower layers during nighttime rainfall. SO 2 exhibits a much larger reduction of 0.3-0.5 ppb (40-50 %) throughout the vertical profile. We further assess the role of four key processes, including washout, photochemistry, deposition, and vertical transport, in modulating O 3 and SO 2 vertical profiles during rainfall. Our analysis suggests that the substantial reduction in SO 2 is mainly attributable to its high solubility, while O 3 reductions during the day are largely due to declined photochemical production. Both O 3 and SO 2 depositions in nighttime could be moderately enhanced during rainfall with wet non-stomatal depositions, while the rainfall-induced change in daytime O 3 deposition is small because rainfall-induced changes in stomatal and non-stomatal deposition offset each other. Furthermore, upward transport prevails in the rainfall periods, contributing to O 3 reduction, whereas downward transport could enhance O 3 . These findings provide new insights into how rainfall impacts air pollutants and underscore the role of the four processes in shaping O 3 and SO 2 vertical distributions in boreal-temperate forests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".