Viscoelastic recovery times of chondrocytes measured using a novel 3D-printed microfluidic device
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the development, production, and application of a 3D-printed microfluidic device designed to measure the viscoelastic recovery time of cartilage cells, chondrocytes. Bovine chondrocytes were imaged using a confocal microscope while compressed by a movable glass plate. Their recovery was monitored by tracking their projected area over time, converting it into a linear strain, and fitting it to a Burgers mechanical model. Strains ranging from 10% to 60% were applied to the cells, and model parameters, including the viscoelastic recovery time, were derived. We found that cells subjected to strains greater than 40% exhibited radially-symmetric deformations. This radially-symmetric deformation, possibly cell blebbing, was observed as a short-term effect, with the cell fully recovering its initial shape. Non-blebbing and blebbing chondrocytes exhibited viscoelastic recovery times of 42 s and 38 s, respectively. While the recovery time did not depend on the magnitude of applied strain, the measured permanent strain increased with higher applied strain magnitude. Overall, this study demonstrates the use of a new, low-cost 3D-printed microfluidic device in combination with advanced microscopy for characterizing the viscoelastic properties of cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".