Sound speed inversion of modal group delays of broadband 35-Hz transmissions during the Coordinated Arctic Acoustic Thermometry Experiment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Arctic Ocean is evolving in response to climate change. In addition to the dramatic reduction in sea ice, the interior of the ocean is changing as the amount of warmer water that advects into the Arctic from the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans has increased. This paper applies linear inverse methods to the modal group delays of broadband 35-Hz transmissions across the Canada Basin during the Coordinated Arctic Acoustic Thermometry Experiment (CAATEX) in an effort to measure and understand the changes in the interior of the western Arctic. Modal dispersion along a ∼850-km transmission path leads to modal arrivals that can be separated in both time and space using data from 1200-m long vertical receiving arrays. The range-independent sound speed profile is estimated as a function of time over the year 2019–2020 from the measured modal group slowness. The inversion uses the Ice-Tethered Profiler (ITP) dataset to constrain the sound speed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".