Lignin depolymerization: A sustainable strategy to enhance the separation performance of biopolymeric polyester membranes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Membrane technology remains essential for water treatment and desalination. While polyamide thin-film composite (TFC) membranes dominate the industry, their susceptibility to fouling reduces efficiency and shortens operational lifespan. Advanced chemical modification strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge, aiming to improve membrane performance and durability. Polyester-based TFC membranes offer a promising alternative, providing a negatively charged surface. However, their lower salt rejection than polyamide membranes remains a key limitation. In this study, we investigated the application of depolymerized lignin, a naturally abundant biopolymer, as a phenolic monomer for fabricating polyester TFC membranes. The native lignin has a much larger molecular size compared to conventional monomers, which limits its diffusion and reactivity during membrane formation. We utilized a microwave-assisted depolymerization technique to fractionate lignin into smaller moieties, resulting in oligomeric/monomeric lignin with a lower molecular mass and higher reactive sites. This approach enabled faster membrane fabrication and significantly improved membrane performance. The membranes fabricated by depolymerized lignin exhibited substantially improved salt rejection, achieving up to 98.8 % for sodium sulfate and 54 % for sodium chloride removal. The developed membranes exhibited excellent antifouling properties, as demonstrated by sodium alginate fouling tests, with a flux recovery ratio of over 85 %. This research presents an innovative approach to enhancing non-polyamide TFC membranes, opening up new possibilities for eco-friendly and efficient membrane technologies in practical desalination applications. • Depolymerized lignin enables fast fabrication of polyester TFC membranes. • Achieved 98.8 % Na 2 SO 4 and 54 % NaCl rejection with modified membranes. • Microwave-assisted depolymerization enhances lignin reactivity and diffusion. • Membranes show >85 % flux recovery in sodium alginate fouling tests. • Eco-friendly alternative to polyamide membranes with improved antifouling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".