ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ORIENTED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN G-11 COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM DEA AND MALMQUIST TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY INDEX
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the energy efficiency oriented environmental and economic growth in G-11 countries in the time period 2000-2023. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index methods were used in the analysis. The findings obtained in the study, respectively, indicate that the input-oriented model findings established under the assumption of constant returns to scale indicate that the efficiency of decision-making units decreased in the period in question, however, the USA, Japan, Australia, Netherlands and Switzerland were effective in all periods. The country with the lowest efficiency value in the relevant period is Canada. The input-oriented model findings established under the assumption of variable returns to scale indicate that the efficiency of decision-making units decreased in the period 2000-2023, furthermore, the USA, Japan, Australia, Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland were effective in all periods. As a result of the study, according to the Malmquist TFP index findings, environmental and growth-oriented energy efficiency is achieved in Canada, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".