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Record W4412887824 · doi:10.1080/17430437.2025.2539813

Who’s the ‘We’ in ‘We the North’? The Toronto Raptors and the limits of multicultural triumphalism in Canada

2025· article· en· W4412887824 on OpenAlexaffabout
Aaron Ettinger

Bibliographic record

VenueSport in Society · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicCanadian Identity and History
Canadian institutionsCarleton University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMulticulturalismPolitical scienceSociologyMedia studiesEconomic geographyGender studiesGeographyLaw

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This paper addresses the intersection of sports and politics, and Canadian identity through the lens of the Toronto Raptors’ NBA championship in 2019. The championship, along with the effusive public discourse around it, seemed like a decisive validation of Canadian multiculturalism. The reality is more complicated. Indeed, the ‘We the North’ brand identity was unifying and inclusive, while simultaneously distinguishing Canada from the United States. However, it could only provide thin and fleeting cover for underlying problems with Canada’s multicultural project, including anti-Indigenous and anti-Black racism, and latent white nationalism. This paper addresses the history of sports and politics, before unpacking the ideational underpinnings of the ‘We the North’ brand identity. It then discusses the incompleteness of Canada’s multiculturalism before, during, and after the two-month-long playoff run.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Qualitative · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.546
Threshold uncertainty score0.459

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.230
Teacher spread0.221 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designQualitative
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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