Monkeypox Virus: What Every Biologist Needs to Know
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPX) is a rare zoonotic viral disease endemic in Central and West Africa caused by Monkeypox virus (MPXV), an orthopoxvirus belonging to the same family as human smallpox.Until recently, cases reported outside Africa were sporadic and generally associated with travel.However, in May 2022, an unusual global spread of MPOX was observed, with cases reported in several non-endemic countries across various continents.In 2024, a significant increase in the number of confirmed cases of Mpox and associated deaths was observed worldwide, justifying its classification as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.The causes of this unusual spread are still under investigation, but may be related to increased international travel and a decrease in herd immunity to orthopoxviruses.Transmission of the virus currently appears to occur primarily through close, intimate contact, particularly among men who have sex with men.MPOX is generally a self-limited disease, with an incubation period ranging from 7 to 14 days, and sometimes up to 21 days.In 2022, the following countries recorded the following confirmed cases: United Kingdom: 575 cases; Spain: 497 cases; Germany: 338 cases; Portugal: 276 cases; France: 183 cases; Canada: 167 cases; United States of America: 113 cases; Netherlands: 95 cases; Italy: 71 cases; Israel: 5 cases; and Morocco: 3 cases.As of 14 December 2023, a total of 91,778 laboratory-confirmed cases of MPXV infection, including 167 deaths, have been reported from 116 countries/territories/areas across the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions.Faced with a high epidemic risk in Morocco, the Ministry of Health and Social Protection has implemented a national plan for surveillance and response to Mpox.The implementation of reliable and rapid laboratory tests is crucial for effective disease identification and control.To this end, WHO has issued guidelines for clinical laboratories, including: recommended test types, sample selection and collection criteria, appropriate diagnostic methods, interpretation of results, biosafety requirements, and recommendations for therapeutic management and vaccination.Molecular tests, particularly PCR-based techniques, are recommended as confirmatory methods.For symptomatic patients, skin lesion samples are most appropriate.In the prodromal or presymptomatic phase, the collection of blood, oropharyngeal swabs, and skin lesion samples is recommended.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.019 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.012 | 0.016 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".