Penetration of laser-induced jets into soft elastic substrates: simplified model and experiments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study the penetration dynamics of laser-induced bullet jets into soft elastic substrates, via experiments and a simplified energy-based model that predicts the time-dependent jet penetration depth based on jet kinematics and substrate elasticity. Our model provides solutions in two variants: one using a prescribed jet velocity and another predictive formulation based on stand-off ( i.e. , bubble-to-free surface distance). High-speed experiments in gelatin, as a representative soft elastic material, reveal that small stand-off distances enhance bubble collapse asymmetry and produce coherent jets, while larger stand-offs suppress penetration. Model predictions show reasonable agreement with experimental data: the velocity- and stand-off-based formulations reasonably capture penetration trends. A range of experiments with bullet and re-entrant jets confirm the model’s applicability across diverse jet–gelatin interactions. The model’s minimal form and predictive accuracy offer a simplified foundation for optimizing cavitation-based technologies in biomedical applications, including needle-free injections, soft robotic actuation, and bioprinting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".