Mechanochemical and Aging‐Based S <sub>N</sub> 2 Method to Access CO <sub>2</sub> ‐Responsive, High‐Amine‐Loading Chitosan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tertiary amines in water exhibit CO 2 ‐responsiveness, enabling CO 2 ‐triggered reversible property changes. Chitosan is a great biopolymer carrier of desired functionalities through chemical modification. Herein, a mechanochemical and aging‐based method is reported to functionalizing chitosan with a tertiary amine in a one‐pot S N 2‐type aminoalkylation reaction. The reaction afforded chitosan with a high degree of substitution (DS), up to 1.67 per sugar unit, doubling the previously reported DS achieved with solvothermal methods. Unique to this method is its ability to functionalize both the amine and the primary alcohol groups of chitosan. The reaction proceeds well with catalytic amounts of liquid and only stoichiometric amounts of reagent, a favorable improvement upon past reports, which all use excess reagent. It is also scalable and demonstrated on a range of molecular weights. O‐functionalization is shown to be effective on chitin up to a DS of 0.15. The osmotic pressure ( π) of aqueous solutions of the aminoalkylated chitosan reversibly increases 47% upon carbonation. This work showcases how mechanochemistry can deliver greatly improved DS on the functionalization of recalcitrant substrates, such as chitinous biomass, with reduced process mass intensity and energy use compared to past works to deliver a CO 2 ‐responsive material based on biomass.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".