Association of skipping breakfast with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective Depression is a significant global public health issue, and Breakfast habits may be related to its onset. This study conducted a meta-analysis of previous studies to analyze the correlation between breakfast and depression, comprehensively evaluated the association between skipping breakfast and the risk of depression, and explored the potential sources of heterogeneity. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched(the retrieval time limit for all was from the establishment of the databases to September 1, 2024), English documents were selected from the databases(the research type was observational study), and then the data was extracted and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS) was evaluated for data analysis of the selected studies. This study followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Project (PRISMA) and Prospero Registration Agreement. The mixed-effects model combines the maximum adjusted estimates and measures heterogeneity using the I 2 statistic. Sensitivity analysis verified the robustness of the analysis and assessed publication bias. Results A meta-analysis of 12 literatures showed that skipping breakfast was positively correlated with the incidence of depression (RR=1.83, [95%CI 1.52-2.20], τ 2 : 0.09, I 2 : 96.37%). Egger test was conducted on the relationship between skipping breakfast and depression, P=0.067 > 0.05, and the result suggested that there was no significant publication bias. Subgroup analysis indicates that current studies in different regions still have deficiencies, and the analysis shows that the occurrence of depression is associated with gender and the sample size of the study. Conclusions Skipping breakfast can increase the risk of depression. It suggests that we should pay attention to having a regular and standardized breakfast to reduce the risk of depression. High heterogeneity may stem from differences in dietary culture and assessment methods. In the future, more research is needed to explore the mechanism and increase studies in different regions. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ , identifier PROSPERO CRD42024583486.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.014 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".