A Novel CMOS SPAD Receiver for Optical Wireless Communication
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single-photon avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are widely considered to have promising prospects in the field of optical wireless communication (OWC). In this paper, a novel SPAD-based optical sensor was designed, fabricated, and tested for the application of an OWC receiver. In the application of SPAD-based OWC, intersymbol interference (ISI) effects can be a challenge to improve the performance of SPAD receivers. Therefore, this SPAD sensor was integrated with two unique timing control modes: the clock-driven (CD) mode and the time-gated (TG) mode to reduce the ISI effect in different communication conditions. The bit error rate (BER) testing results showed that our 4 × 4 SPAD receivers exhibited high sensitivity, achieving a BER of 3.8 × 10-3at a signal power of -71 dBm and a background optical power of -84 dBm. Additionally, by comparing test results with simulation results, we can observe a high degree of congruence between experimental outcomes and simulated results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".