A Novel CMOS SPAD Receiver for Optical Wireless Communication
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single-photon avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are widely considered to have promising prospects in the field of optical wireless communication (OWC). In this paper, a novel SPAD-based optical sensor was designed, fabricated, and tested for the application of an OWC receiver. In the application of SPAD-based OWC, intersymbol interference (ISI) effects can be a challenge to improve the performance of SPAD receivers. Therefore, this SPAD sensor was integrated with two unique timing control modes: the clock-driven (CD) mode and the time-gated (TG) mode to reduce the ISI effect in different communication conditions. The bit error rate (BER) testing results showed that our 4 × 4 SPAD receivers exhibited high sensitivity, achieving a BER of 3.8 × 10<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> at a signal power of -71 dBm and a background optical power of -84 dBm. Additionally, by comparing test results with simulation results, we can observe a high degree of congruence between experimental outcomes and simulated results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".