Infant Core-collapse Supernovae with Circumstellar Interactions from KMTNet. I. Luminous Transitional Case of KSP-SN-2022c
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present BVi multiband high-cadence observations of a Type II supernova (SN) KSP-SN-2022c from a star-forming galaxy at z ≃ 0.041 from its infant to nebular phase. Early light-curve fitting with a single power law is consistent with the first detection roughly 15 minutes after shock breakout (SBO). The SN light curves feature a rapid rise and decline across its luminous (V ≃ –18.41 mag) peak together with a short plateau. The presence of the short plateau and rapid postpeak decline place the SN within a small group of transitional type between Type II-P and II-L subtypes. Its broad and asymmetric H profiles with large emission-to-absorption ratios and its near-peak luminosity in excess of predictions from models of SN shock cooling both point to circumstellar interactions in this SN. Early colour evolution exhibits a short-lived blueward motion in B − V within the first few days and continuous reddening in V − i, inconsistent with simple blackbody heating. Our simulations of SN light curves estimate 13 M ⊙ and 680 R ⊙ for the mass and radius of the progenitor, respectively, together with circumstellar material (CSM) of 0.73 M ⊙ to account for the excess luminosity and rapid postpeak declines. We discuss the origin of its short plateau and early colour evolution in the context of partial envelope stripping of the progenitor star and a delayed SN SBO near the edge of the CSM, respectively, as indicated by our simulations. We establish a correlation between postpeak decline rates and CSM mass in Type II SNe, highlighting that CSM interactions play a major role in shaping the postpeak evolution of transitional types.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".