Drivers and riverine fluxes of rare earth elements to coastal ecosystems across temperate, boreal, and subarctic ecoregions in Eastern Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
), Canada. Furthermore, we observed their differences in REE composition as well as the main factors driving their concentrations. We estimated the annual export of total REEs flowing into the Hudson Bay (1078 t per year) and the Atlantic Ocean (2941 t per year), which could increase significantly with climate change effects on the northern ecosystems. From these watersheds, rivers draining the Canadian Shield geology, characterized by lower water temperature and pH, but higher concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and iron (Fe), exhibited higher concentrations of REEs compared to the broader study area, especially filtered light REEs (LREEs). In southern Quebec, rivers with intensive agricultural erosion were identified as REE export hotspots relative to their watershed area, while rivers draining densely populated regions exported anthropogenic gadolinium (Gd) (0.2-134 kg per year), contributing significantly to their total filtered Gd flux (18-98%). These findings provide essential baseline data to predict regional impacts of climate changes and anthropogenic activities on REE mobilization across evolving landscapes and clarify the role of temperate, boreal and subarctic rivers in the global REE cycle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".